Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental conditions, affecting both children and adults. It influences various aspects of daily life, including attention, impulse control, and executive function skills. But what exactly is ADHD, and how does it impact those who have it?

Understanding ADHD

ADHD is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. While many people experience occasional difficulties with focus or restlessness, those of us with ADHD face these challenges consistently and at a level that significantly affects our daily lives.

ADHD is not just about being unable to sit still or getting easily distracted. It’s a complex condition that affects the brain’s ability to regulate attention, emotions, and behavior. It is typically diagnosed in childhood, but many adults also live with undiagnosed ADHD, often struggling with work, relationships, and daily responsibilities – I know I did prior to being diagnosed at age 40!

The three types of ADHD

ADHD presents itself in different ways, which is why it is categorised into three types:

1. Inattentive type

People with this type of ADHD primarily struggle with focus, organisation, and following through on tasks. They may:

• Have trouble paying attention to details and make careless mistakes
• Find it difficult to stay on task or follow instructions
• Appear forgetful or easily distracted
• Avoid tasks that require prolonged mental effort
• Lose things frequently (e.g., keys, phone, homework)

This type of ADHD is sometimes overlooked because it does not involve hyperactivity, making it more common among individuals who are quiet or daydreamy, particularly girls and women.

2. Hyperactive-Impulsive type

This type is marked by excessive energy, restlessness, and impulsive behaviour. People with this form of ADHD might:

• Fidget or move constantly, even when it’s inappropriate
• Talk excessively or interrupt others frequently
• Struggle with waiting their turn or following rules
• Act without thinking about the consequences

Children with this type are often labeled as troublemakers or overly energetic, but their behaviour is not intentional – it is a neurological difference that affects impulse control.

3. Combined type

This is the most common form of ADHD, where individuals display both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. They may struggle with focus, organisation, and impulse control simultaneously, leading to challenges in school, work, and social settings.

ADHD and Executive Functioning

Executive function skills refer to the cognitive processes that help us plan, prioritise, and complete tasks. ADHD significantly impacts executive function, making it difficult to:

• Manage time effectively
• Stay organised
• Control emotions
• Complete long-term projects
• Handle unexpected changes

These challenges can lead to frustration and a sense of underachievement, even in individuals with high intelligence and creativity. Many people with ADHD develop coping strategies to compensate, but without proper support, these struggles can persist into adulthood.

What causes ADHD?

While the exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, research indicates that genetics play a significant role. Other factors that may contribute include:

• Differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas responsible for attention and impulse control
• Imbalances in neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) like dopamine
• Prenatal exposure to toxins, premature birth, or low birth weight

It’s important to note that ADHD is not caused by poor parenting, excessive screen time, or a lack of discipline. It is a biological condition that requires proper management and support.

How is ADHD Diagnosed?

ADHD is diagnosed through a comprehensive evaluation that includes:

• Observations from parents, teachers, or caregivers (for children)
• Self-reports of symptoms (for adults)
• Standardised behavior rating scales
• A medical and psychological assessment to rule out other possible conditions

Since ADHD symptoms overlap with other conditions like anxiety and learning disabilities, a professional evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment and management of ADHD

There is no cure for ADHD, but various treatment options help individuals manage their symptoms and thrive. Common approaches include:

Medication

Stimulant medications, such as Concerta and Elvanse, are commonly prescribed to help improve focus and impulse control. Non-stimulant medications are also available for those who cannot tolerate stimulants.

Behavioural therapy

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) can help individuals develop coping strategies, improve time management, and reduce impulsive behaviors.

Coaching and skill development

ADHD coaching focuses on building executive function skills, such as organisation, planning, and prioritisation. Many people find structured routines and external accountability helpful.

Find out more about my ADHD Coaching services here.

Lifestyle adjustments

Regular exercise, a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, and mindfulness practices can also support brain function and help manage ADHD symptoms.

Living with ADHD

ADHD comes with challenges, but it also brings strengths. Many individuals with ADHD are creative, innovative, and excellent problem solvers. By understanding our unique brain wiring and using appropriate strategies to support our challenges, ADHDers can harness our strengths and flourish.

Links

ADHD UK provides lots of information and support. Find them here: ADHD UK

I run a monthly support group for ADHD UK, with a focus on ADHD and Autistic (AuDHD) adults. Find out more here.

While there are so many books available on ADHD, here are a few of my favourites:

ADHD 2.0, Edward M. Hallowell & John J. Ratey: Buy it here
How to ADHD, Jessica McCabe: Buy it here
The Anti-Planner, Dani Donovan: Buy it here
(I met Jessica and Dani at an ADHD Conference I was speaking at in 2023 – they're actually best friends and such lovely women too. I'm a total fangirl!)